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INTRODUCTION
Healthcare organizations accredited by the Joint Commission are required to conduct a root cause
analysis (RCA) in response to any sentinel event, such as the one described in the scenario
attached below. Once the cause is identified and a plan of action established, it is useful to conduct
a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to reduce the likelihood that a process would fail. As a
member of the healthcare team in the hospital described in this scenario, you have been selected
as a member of the team investigating the incident.

SCENARIO
It is 3:30 p.m. on a Thursday and Mr. B, a 67-year-old patient, arrives at the six-room emergency
department (ED) of a sixty-bed rural hospital. He has been brought to the hospital by his son and
neighbor. At this time, Mr. B is moaning and complaining of severe pain to his (L) leg and hip area.
He states he lost his balance and fell after tripping over his dog.
Mr. B was admitted to the triage room where his vital signs were B/P 120/80, HR-88 (regular), T98.6, and R-32, and his weight was recorded at 175 pounds. Mr. B. states that he has no known
allergies and no previous falls. He states, “My hip area and leg hurt really bad. I have never had
anything like this before.” Patient rates pain at 10 out of 10 on the numerical verbal pain scale. He
appears to be in moderate distress. His (L) leg appears shortened with swelling (edema in the calf)
ecchymosis, and limited range of motion (ROM). Mr. B’s leg is stabilized and then is further
evaluated and discharged from triage to the emergency department (ED) patient room. He is
admitted by Nurse J. Nurse J finds that Mr. B has a history of impaired glucose tolerance and
prostate cancer. At Mr. B’s last visit with his primary care physician, laboratory data revealed
elevated cholesterol and lipids. Mr. B’s current medications are atorvastatin and oxycodone for
chronic back pain. After Mr. B’s assessment is completed, Nurse J informs Dr. T, the ED physician,
of admission findings, and Dr. T proceeds to examine Mr. B.
Staffing on this day consists of two nurses (one RN and one LPN), one secretary, and one
emergency department physician. Respiratory therapy is in-house and available as needed. At the
time of Mr. B’s arrival, the ED staff is caring for two other patients. One patient is a 43-year-old
female complaining of a throbbing headache. The patient rates current pain at 4 out of 10 on
numerical verbal pain scale. The patient states that she has a history of migraines. She received treatment, remains stable, and discharge is pending. The second patient is an eight-year-old boy
being evaluated for possible appendicitis. Laboratory results are pending for this patient. Both of
these patients were examined, evaluated, and cared for by Dr. T and are awaiting further treatment
or orders.
After evaluation of Mr. B, Dr. T writes the order for Nurse J to administer diazepam 5 mg IVP to Mr.
B. The medication diazepam is administered IVP at 4:05 p.m. After five minutes, the diazepam
appears to have had no effect on Mr. B, and Dr. T instructs Nurse J to administer hydromorphone 2
mg IVP. The medication hydromorphone is administered IVP at 4:15 p.m. After five minutes, Dr. T
is still not satisfied with the level of sedation Mr. B has achieved and instructs Nurse J to administer
another 2 mg of hydromorphone IVP and an additional 5 mg of diazepam IVP. The physician’s goal
is for the patient to achieve skeletal muscle relaxation from the diazepam, which will aid in the
manual manipulation, relocation, and alignment of Mr. B’s hip. The hydromorphone IVP was
administered to achieve pain control and sedation. After reviewing the patient’s medical history, Dr.
T notes that the patient’s weight and current regular use of oxycodone appear to be making it more
difficult to sedate Mr. B.
Finally, at 4:25 p.m., the patient appears to be sedated, and the successful reduction of his (L) hip
takes place. The patient appears to have tolerated the procedure and remains sedated. He is not
currently on any supplemental oxygen. The procedure concludes at 4:30 p.m.,and Mr. B is resting
without indications of discomfort and distress. At this time, the ED receives an emergency dispatch
call alerting the emergency department that the emergency rescue unit paramedics are enroute
with a 75-year-old patient in acute respiratory distress. Nurse J places Mr. B on an automatic blood
pressure machine programmed to monitor his B/P every five minutes and a pulse oximeter. At this time, Nurse J leaves Mr. B’s room. The nurse allows Mr. B’s son to sit with him as he is being
monitored via the blood pressure monitor. At 4:35 p.m., Mr. B’s B/P is 110/62 and his O2 saturation
is 92%. He remains without supplemental oxygen and his ECG and respirations are not monitored.
Nurse J and the LPN on duty have received the emergency transport patient. They are also in the
process of discharging the other two patients. Meanwhile, the ED lobby has become congested
with new incoming patients. At this time, Mr. B’s O2 saturation alarm is heard and shows “low O2
saturation” (currently showing a saturation of 85%). The LPN enters Mr. B’s room briefly, resets the
alarm, and repeats the B/P reading.
Nurse J is now fully engaged with the emergency care of the respiratory distress patient, which
includes assessments, evaluation, and the ordering of respiratory treatments, CXR, labs, etc.
At 4:43 p.m., Mr. B’s son comes out of the room and informs the nurse that the “monitor is
alarming.” When Nurse J enters the room, the blood pressure machine shows Mr. B’s B/P reading
is 58/30 and the O2 saturation is 79%. The patient is not breathing and no palpable pulse can be
detected.

A STAT CODE is called and the son is escorted to the waiting room. The code team arrives and
begins resuscitative efforts. When connected to the cardiac monitor, Mr. B is found to be in ventricular fibrillation. CPR begins immediately by the RN, and Mr. B is intubated. He is defibrillated
and reversal agents, IV fluids, and vasopressors are administered. After 30 minutes of
interventions, the ECG returns to a normal sinus rhythm with a pulse and a B/P of 110/70. The
patient is not breathing on his own and is fully dependent on the ventilator. The patient’s pupils are
fixed and dilated. He has no spontaneous movements and does not respond to noxious stimuli. Air
transport is called, and upon the family’s wishes, the patient is transferred to a tertiary facility for
advanced care.
Seven days later, the receiving hospital informed the rural hospital that EEG’s had determined
brain death in Mr. B. The family had requested life-support be removed, and Mr. B subsequently
died.
Additional information: The hospital where Mr. B. was originally seen and treated had a moderate
sedation/analgesia (“conscious sedation”) policy that requires that the patient remains on
continuous B/P, ECG, and pulse oximeter throughout the procedure and until the patient meets
specific discharge criteria (i.e., fully awake, VSS, no N/V, and able to void). All practitioners who
perform moderate sedation must first successfully complete the hospital’s moderate sedation
training module. The training module includes drug selection as well as acceptable dose ranges.

Additional (backup) staff was available on the day of the incident. Nurse J had completed the
moderate sedation module. Nurse J had current ACLS certification and was an experienced critical
care nurse. Nurse J’s prior annual clinical evaluations by the manager demonstrated that the nurse
was “meeting requirements.” Nurse J did not have a history of negligent patient care. Sufficient
equipment was available and in working order in the ED on this day.

REQUIREMENTS
Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the
submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or
closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. An originality report is provided when you
submit your task that can be used as a guide.
You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed
criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more
than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the
course.
A. Explain the general purpose of conducting a root cause analysis (RCA).

1. Explain each of the six steps used to conduct an RCA, as defined by IHI.
2. Apply the RCA process to the scenario to describe the causative and contributing factors that led
to the sentinel event outcome.
B. Propose a process improvement plan that would decrease the likelihood of a reoccurrence of
the scenario outcome.
1. Discuss how each phase of Lewin’s change theory on the human side of change could be
applied to the proposed improvement plan.
C. Explain the general purpose of the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) process.
1. Describe the steps of the FMEA process as defined by IHI.
2. Complete the attached FMEA table by appropriately applying the scales of severity, occurrence,
and detection to the process improvement plan proposed in part B.

Note: You are not expected to carry out the full FMEA.
D. Explain how you would test the interventions from the process improvement plan from part B to
improve care.
E. Explain how a professional nurse can competently demonstrate leadership in each of the
following areas:
• promoting quality care
• improving patient outcomes
• influencing quality improvement activities
1. Discuss how the involvement of the professional nurse in the RCA and FMEA processes demonstrates leadership qualities.
F. Acknowledge sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted,
paraphrased, or summarized.
G. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.
*******************************************************************************************************RUBRIC
A:ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS
COMPETENT
The explanation accurately describes the general purpose for conducting an RCA.
A1:RCA STEPS
COMPETENT
The explanation accurately identifies and logically describes each of the 6 steps used to conduct
an RCA, as defined by IHI.
A2:CAUSATIVE AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
COMPETENT

The application of the RCA process to the scenario accurately describes the causative and
contributing factors that led to the sentinel event outcome.
B:IMPROVEMENT PLAN
COMPETENT
The proposal outlines a logical process improvement plan and logically discusses how the
proposed plan will decrease the likelihood of a reoccurrence of the scenario outcome.
B1:CHANGE THEORY
COMPETENT
The discussion logically describes how each phase of Lewin’s change theory could be applied to
the proposed improvement plan.
C:GENERAL PURPOSE OF FMEA
COMPETENT
The explanation accurately describes a general purpose of the FMEA process and logically discusses why the FMEA process would be used.

C1:STEPS OF FMEA PROCESS
COMPETENT
The description accurately defines each of the steps of the FMEA process.
C2:FMEA TABLE
COMPETENT
The completed FMEA table appropriately identifies failure modes related to the improvement plan
proposed in part B and demonstrates accurate application of the scales of severity, occurrence,
and detection in evaluating the identified failure modes.
D:INTERVENTION TESTING
COMPETENT
The explanation describes steps of the testing procedures or practices that the candidate would
use that are appropriate for testing the interventions from the process improvement plan in part B.
The explanation logically describes how the intervention testing procedures or practices would
improve care.

E:DEMONSTRATE LEADERSHIP
COMPETENT
The explanation logically describes how a professional nurse competently demonstrates leadership
in each of the given areas.
E1:INVOLVING PROFESSIONAL NURSE IN RCA AND FMEA PROCESSES
COMPETENT
The discussion logically describes how the involvement of the professional nurse in both the RCA
and FMEA processes demonstrates leadership qualities.
F:SOURCES
COMPETENT
The submission includes in-text citations for sources that are properly quoted, paraphrased, or
summarized and a reference list that accurately identifies the author, date, title, and source location as available.

G:PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
COMPETENT
Content reflects attention to detail, is organized, and focuses on the main ideas as prescribed in
the task or chosen by the candidate. Terminology is pertinent, is used correctly, and effectively
conveys the intended meaning. Mechanics, usage, and grammar promote accurate interpretation
and understanding.