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Case Study in Health Care Financial Ethics Financial Ethics in healthcare is not always a clear cut issue. Current laws, licensure and accreditation standards and other laws and loopholes, allow for many variations of corporate structures for care delivery, insurance reimbursement structures and payment rates, provider salary and employment arrangements and other financial factors.

The following Case Study is meant to give you an idea of the complexity and issues associated with some very specific physician/outpatient based models of care delivery and the various ethical issues surrounding these models. Please review the Case Study below and prepare a 3-5 page summary of the Case. Your summary should include a brief background of the main issues of the case as well as your specific response to the Case Recommendation/Discussion Points listed at the end of the Case.

This Ethics- Case Study Assignment is due in Week 8. You will find the Dropbox for this assignment in Week 8. Case Study in Health Care Financial Ethics August 1, 2019 Dr. Johnson and his three partners are all independent physicians who have a small private group practice office site where they perform minor gastrointestinal procedures such as endoscopies, colonoscopies and other minor outpatient procedures. Dr. Johnson and his partners are all also on staff at three local hospital’s where they perform their more complex procedures such as biopsies and minor tumor or lesion removals. At present time, Dr. Johnson’s group participates in multiple health plans including the local Blue Cross/Blue Shield Plan, Medicare, Medicaid and numerous other Commercial Health Plans (with 3 primary commercial insurance plans) thus making these plans the top six payers for the Johnson groups patient base. One of these commercial plans is Uni-Care Insurance, which is a large commercial plan owned and operated by the Uni-Care Health System, which is also owns and separately operates a large integrated health delivery system and is thus a direct provider of health care services, including owned/employed physicians, outpatient centers and acute care hospitals. For the last several years, Dr. Johnson and his partners have been reconsidering their future and whether or not they would like to 1) remain independent, 2) become a partners or employees in a larger group practice or 3) whether to become a joint venture doctor practice/partner with a larger health system or 4) become direct employees of a larger health system. If they choose options 1 or 2, not much will change in terms of their ability to accept all current patient health plans, except that they will be able to take home higher salaries as a result of lower economies of scale costs in the case of option 2 and higher insurer payments due to the larger groups ability to negotiate better payment rates with all commercial health plans. If they choose option 3 with Unicare (Option 3A), they will be forced to accept only Unicare commercial insurance and to eliminate their participation in their other two current commercial plans. Their base pay will be virtually the same but they will receive higher benefits and more paid time off being part of this larger joint venture project. If they enter a joint venture with a different health system (Option 3 B), they will receive higher pay, higher benefits, more paid time off, but patients will be forced to payer slightly higher co-pays and co-insurance due to the nature of the contracting arrangements of the JV with commercial plans such as Unicare. Patients will, however, in both Joint venture options (3A and 3B) be in a health care settings that are more “enforced” in terms of JCAHO quality, and stricter regulations on the quality of care than in an independent practice setting. If they choose Option 4 with a large system (Option 4A), much will stay the same as currently in place in terms of their pay, benefits, time-off, except that the health plan will offer quality and productivity base bonuses to the physician. Much of this “bonus” money is feasible as under Option 4 the physician’s outpatient practice will be re-established as a “hospital-based” outpatient provider which receives higher payments than an outpatient physician office for Medicare and other large commercial plan patients. Patients will see higher co-pays with Medicare and all commercial plans as they will now pay 2 copays, one for the technical component of outpatient procedures done in this new “hospital-based” outpatient site, and one for the professional office visit itself. Option 4B is the same as Option 4A except that the new hospital-based outpatient site will only accept the Unicare Commercial plan, Medicare and Medicaid. CASE RECOMMENDATION/DISCUSSION In the context of provider/clinical factors what are the pros and cons of each Option? In the context of financial ethics, what are the pros and cons of each Option? Discuss the problems you see with current reimbursement systems, such as Medicare and Commercial contracts that differentiate between “hospital-based” vs. “physician office-based” payment mechanisms. Do you feel these payment variations are justifiable? Be sure to explain your answer. How does this case promote or deter from social welfare and defined by Jesuit principles and values? Explain your answer. Based on all of the above, what should the Johnson group do? Assuming you are a patient advocacy consultant, what actions would you take, and with whom, to “balance the scales” in terms of patient rights and patient needs. Discuss the anticipated counter-arguments that will likely occur from those you approach for this desired change and what a middle-of-the-road compromise plan may look like.

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In regards to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1991 and its impact upon the health care industry. Each student shall be assigned the responsibility of summarizing the above referenced legislative initiative and shall provide one example of its impact upon a specific healthcare organization. The paper shall be spaced at 1.5 and shall employ a Times New Roman 12 point font.