ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY PRINCIPLES

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1. As an analytical chemist, how do you manage outliers in your data? What are the consequences you consider for the methods you choose?

2. Briefly discuss the various types of errors. Discuss the differences between types 1 and 2 errors. Give an example of each type. 3. Demonstrate your understanding of all concepts that underpin measurement of physical phenomena such as the limit of quantification, limit of detection, and analytical sensitivity, but do not limit yourself to these terms.

4. Discuss in detail how an analytical method can be validated? How do you control analytical quality? 5. Briefly discuss the various steps taken in going through a typical quantitative analysis and how do you evaluate quantitative results using reliability estimation? 6. Discuss the applications of titrimetry and gravimetry in modern day chemistry. Why is EDTA the most widely used complexometric reagent in titrimetric analysis? 7. Discuss the processes needed to separate a target compound from its sample matrix. Also discuss the factors considered for such a separation.

8. List at least ten separation techniques with their phase systems and briefly discuss any four. What are their advantages and disadvantages? 9. In solvent extraction of analytes from environmental samples using organic solvents, (a) what are the main factors considered in the selection of the organic solvent? (b) Calculate the pH of a solution in which 10.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH is added to 25.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl. 10. Briefly discuss the principles of atomic absorption spectroscopy? What are the key features considered in selecting an appropriate technique for a particular sample analysis?

11. What are the important atomic spectrometric techniques generally used in environmental analysis? Briefly discuss any three. What are the key features used in atomic spectrometry in the selection of a technique to a particular analysis? 12. Briefly but succinctly explain the process of UV/Visible spectrophotometry. Using UVVisible, what are the general challenges faced with environmental samples and how do you solve them?